An entrepreneurial ecosystem is a self-organized, adaptive, geographically limited community composed of complex agents operating at multiple and cumulative levels whose non-linear interactions lead to patterns of activities through which new ventures emerge. The present research aims to explain the factors that influence the creation of an entrepreneurship ecosystem in less privileged rural areas of Asad Abad in Hamedan province, Iran using the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) technique. Out of the rural entrepreneurship experts and scholars, 15 people were selected purposefully for a semi-structured interview. Based on the content analysis using the ISM technique, the factors underpinning the creation of an entrepreneurship ecosystem in the less privileged areas were determined and leveled. Based on the results, the creation of entrepreneurial ecosystems in less privileged areas requires the availability and implementation of macro-governance factors, individual-behavioral factors, supportive factors, sociocultural factors, financing, human capital, market, and regional capacity. The results reveal that the macro-governance factors are the most important and effective factors in developing entrepreneurial ecosystems in less privileged regions. Financing and regional capacity are the second-most important factors involved in creating an entrepreneurial ecosystem (as a representative of society) in less privileged areas.

In order to improve the quality of women's personal, professional and family lives while addressing financial concerns, it is essential to consider the improvement of women's working conditions from multiple perspectives. In this regard, the research objective was to investigate the impact of working background conditions on the economic welfare of women employed in handicrafts in less developed rural areas. The statistical population includes all female workers in less developed rural areas of Iran in 2025 who are employed in handicrafts sector. The sampling method used was random cluster with a total of 380 samples selected according to Morgan's table. In order to collect the required data, a questionnaire prepared by the researcher was used, which included two sections to assess economic welfare and working background conditions. The results of the study systematically show that the dimensions of "unbiased behavior in work”, "balance between work and life”, and "social support" have the most significant impact on the economic welfare of women engaged in handicrafts. The findings of this study underscore the necessity of implementing targeted support policies to enhance equitable organizational practices, fortify work-life balance, and broaden social support networks as pivotal strategies for enhancing the economic welfare of rural women.

Considering the importance of financial development in reducing inequality based on the economic literature, importance of income distribution and fair division of resource and facilities between various social groups and elimination of inequality in Iran’ s provinces, this study investigates the relationship between financial development and income distribution in Iran’ s provinces, based on the dynamic panel models and using Generalized Method of Moment(GMM) estimator in the time period of 2006-2015. The underlying provinces are divided into three groups as developed, less developed and undeveloped based on the index of Ministry of Industry, Mining and Trade. The results indicate that there is a negative and linear relationship between financial development and inequality in all groups of provinces, so it can be said that the higher level of financial development reduces inequality. It should be noted that the impact of financial development on reducing inequality in provinces has an inverse relationship with their development level, so that this effect in undeveloped provinces is more than two other groups. On the other hand, results show that there are not enough evidences supporting the non-linear inverted U-shaped hypothesis between financial development and inequality in Iran’ s provinces in the period of study.

Background: Female labor supply has been changed dramatically in the recent yr. In this study, we examined the ef-fects of development on the relationship between fertility and female labor supply.Methods: We used data of population and housing census of Iran and estimated three separate models. To do this we employed Logistic Regressions (BLR).Results: The estimation results of our study showed that there was a negative relationship between fertility rate and female labor supply and there are some differences for this relationship in three models.Conclusion: When fertility rate increases, FLS would decreases. In addition, for higher fertility rates, the woman might be forced to work more because of the economic conditions of her family; and negative coefficients of the fer-tility rate effects on FLS would increase with a diminishing rate.

The major objective of this research was developing a quality promoting model for girls' education in the less-developed rural areas. Accordingly, if the submitted model could result in qualitative education in less-developed areas, it could be used as a basis to develop other models. For this purpose, major issues of Rask girls' education was determined on the basis of Pareto Chart and an instructional model and package was designed based on that. The research question was: "What is the impact of the developed quality promoting model on girls' school achievement and their school absenteeism in less-developed rural areas?" The target population of the research was elementary school girls of Rask-Sistan-o-Baluchistan Province. The research sample consisted of 866 students who were selected through simple random sampling technique, after analyzing educational indicators. Then, the sample was divided into experimental and control groups. The independent variable was the developed quality promoting model that was designed on the basis of participative and cooperative teaching methods and it was implemented in 2008-2009 academic year on the experimental group. At the end of the academic year, the effects of this independent variable on dependent variables, i.e., courses scores, ability to communicate, affective attitude toward school and also their rate of school absenteeism was examined The results showed significant differences between experimental and control groups. So, we could conclude that all of the hypotheses were confirmed. In other words, the developed quality promoting model has been effective in increasing girls' courses scores, communication skills, and affective attitude toward school. Also, it led to their decreasing rate of school absenteeism.

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of stagnation and boom business cycles on stock market uncertainty in 31 developed and less developed countries.Developed in the period 18-2001. The uncertainty model was determined experimentally by meta-analysis method and was estimated using the balanced data panel technique in two modes of recession cycle and boom cycle. The results showed that in both groups of countries, recession cycles increase stock market uncertainty and are as expected, but boom cycles increase stock market uncertainty and are contrary to expectations. Other results showed that in both cases of recession cycle and bank-based financial development boom cycle, market-based financial development increases, nominal interest rate variable increases and technical progress variable reduces stock market uncertainty. However, the average tax rate decreases during boom business cycles and increases in stock markets during recessionary business cycles.Classification: JEL E32, G100.Keywords: Uncertainty, Stagnant Business Cycles, Boom Business Cycles, Stock Market, S&P Index.

This paper is an attempt to compare the culture of media with media policy in the context of the developed and less-developed societies. Because mass media, particularly TV carry the responsibility of providing their audience with entertaining and training materials for the society they have been considered as important means of socialization. However, because of their cultural policies, which tend to diffuse mediocre culture while benefiting from wide range of audiences, they have been criticized. Accordingly, this paper examines the dominant cultural policies of media as well as provides a description of visual perspectives of culture of media based on a qualitative and comparative analysis.